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Introduction
Over the last few years interest has been growing in the idea that
the surface of the Earth is covered with a network of energy lines
known as leys or dragon lines.
There is uncertainty as to whether these lines are real or
imagined, but the original basis for thinking that they exist is
the positioning of ancient monuments, of sites of worship and of
standing stones in straight lines sometimes over several hundreds
of miles. There is disagreement over whether the ancients made up
these alignments or whether they were following patterns already
there in the landscape which they could 'see' through poetic
imagination, clairvoyance, geomancy or dowsing.
In this short article we hope to provide a comprehensive overview
of the phenomenon of ley lines from a point of ecology which we
understand to be not only real but also a vital, dynamic and
beautiful aspect of this planet's life.
Earth spirit
There are many mysteries concerning this planet which modern
science has not yet deciphered. As yet, there is no satisfactory
theory to explain gravity and the magnetosphere which surrounds
Earth. If Earth has the properties of a giant magnet, then what is
the source of this magnetism? Similarly, the constitution and
temperature of Earth are unknown.
Living on her surface and in the turmoil of human life, we tend to
forget the wonders of her greater nature. She is 7,900 miles in
diameter and 24,800 miles in circumference. In perfect rhythm she
spins on her axis every twenty-four hours at a speed judged at the
equator of approximately 1000 miles per hour. She also dances
around her older brother the Sun every 365 (and a quarter) days
making a voyage of around 760 million miles every year at a speed
of 66,000 miles per hour. And the Solar System itself, as part of
a far greater galaxy, the Milky Way, is making its own great
spiraling voyage through space.
These celestial mechanics are wonderful enough. But there are
other phenomena linking the Sun, the Planets and the Galaxies in a
web of electromagnetic and higher frequency energy waves. The
closest and most well-known is the rhythmic magnetic pull of the
moon on the Earth's oceans. Less known but in every children's
encyclopedia is the solar wind of ionized gas that flows outward
from the Sun at speeds of 180-310 miles per second. Then again
there are cosmic rays, highly energetic fast moving particles,
whose source also is still unknown.
Modern astronomy, astrophysics and sub-atomic high energy physics
are investigating areas of knowledge which stretch the human
imagination and consciousness. The more that science unveils, the
more fantastic and exquisite the mysteries of life become. The
perfect harmonics of Newtonian physics, the mystical qualities of
sub-atomic particles and the galactic stretches of the imagination
required to grasp modern astronomy: all these demonstrate that the
discoveries of contemporary science can also be understood and
perhaps best be understood – as an unfolding revelation of Spirit.
It is for every reader to hold her or his own philosophical and
religious beliefs, but by Spirit we mean the following: that
everything which we know tangibly and physically to be in
existence is, in fact, the manifestation of a more subtle and
invisible energy existence. To put it another way: every thing
which can he perceived by our usual five senses has an invisible
hut a real and dynamic existence at a higher frequency energy
level. Sometimes these higher frequency energy states can be
registered by scientific instruments, e.g.: X-rays, gamma waves
and cosmic rays.
Moreover, we suggest that this higher frequency energy existence
is the essential life-giving principle of any form and that it is
not simply a radiation effect. This is not a novel idea for it is.
of course, a basic proposition of much philosophy: that Spirit (1)
manifests as Life (2) through Form (3).
Our twentieth century understanding of electro-magnetic and wave
phenomena has given us new terminology and insights for such a
philosophical proposition. eg: high frequency and low frequency
states of energy. Thus we might say that all Life (2) is the
manifestation of a higher frequency energy state (1) expressing
itself through a lower frequency energy state (3). A crude example
of this might be the emergence of organic life in what is called
the cosmic slime as a result of the action upon it of the Sun's
rays.
These three factors – the higher manifesting as life through the
lower – form a triangular relationship for understanding life and
creation that has been symbolically expressed in many religions
and philosophies as a Trinity of goddesses, gods and divine
principles.
A major point which we wish to make in this short essay is that
the energy network which covers the surface of Earth cannot he
understood unless it is realised that the geological solid Earth
is only the form (lower frequency energy state) of a more electric
and subtle electro-magnetic essence (higher frequency energy
state). Just as human bodies are the vehicles of manifestation for
an inner, dynamic and multi-dimensional self, so the geological
Earth is also but the vehicle of manifestation of a far more
subtle, more dynamic and more electric inner Spirit.
Ley lines
Ley lines, then, form the matrix of energy which is the dynamic
physical principle of the geological body of Earth. Ley lines are
the essential structure of the etheric body of the Earth Spirit.
To appreciate this, it can be helpful to imagine Earth as having
no dense physical existence, but being only a globe of
interconnected lines of electric energy, a sphere made up of webs
of energy.
These lines vary in length from five miles to approximately two
thousand miles; they are straight, but not dead straight and may
over distance undulate gently. They also vary in width and in
intensity of energy. If one looks through one, as if a
cross-section had been cut, a ley is hourglass shaped, its
narrowest section occurring at the point of intersection with the
Earth's surface. The ley exists below the Earth as much as above
it.
It has the internal formation of a double vortex. This double
vortex brings energy down into the geological Earth; at the same
time a particular quality of energy is also radiated out from the
ley line into the atmosphere.
The energy that is brought down in the double vortex is of various
densities; some of these correspond to the human experiences of
feeling, of emotion, of mentality, of spirit and so on. In a very
real sense this vortex phenomenon is the manifestation of the will
of the Earth Spirit to be in incarnation. The essence or the
consciousness of the Earth Spirit exists at a very high frequency
energy state – which if experienced directly by a human being
induces a state which is often called bliss. The dynamism of the
vortex structure of leys is the result of the force – or purpose
or will – used by the Earth Spirit to manifest in form.
We also mentioned that the double vortex of a ley radiates a
particular quality of energy. Why is this so and what is this
particular quality? To answer these two questions requires an
understanding of the purpose of the Earth Spirit in taking on
dense physical form life at all. It parallels, of course, the
purpose of human incarnation. The Earth Spirit's purpose is,
through the process of time and vibratory experience, to
distribute a new quality of energy to the fields of energy that
make up her body. Human beings experience this new quality of
energy in a manner that may be summed up in the two words
unconditional love.
in a very real sense what we interpret in human experience as
unconditional love is that cosmic principle which actually brings
about what we recognise as life and the life force, whether in the
case of an incarnating planetary spirit or a human
multidimensional self soul. The force of unconditional love as it
incarnates in form is the indwelling cosmic fire without which
there is no life – no life of growth. change, rhythm and movement.
The life force of the Earth Spirit radiates from the leys and ley
centres. Without this life force radiating from the ley network,
there would be no growth in any of the different natural realms –
mineral, vegetable, animal or human. In some Eastern teachings
this force is called fohat or prana. The life force of Earth which
radiates from her ley network is intimately bound tip with the
life force of the Sun, being as they are part of the same pranic
field. There is thus an exceptionally close interconnection
between the Sun, the ley network of Earth and the health or life
force of all the natural realms that inhabit Earth. This is why it
is that throughout history people – instinctively, intuitively or
self-consciously – have paid great attention to Earth's ley
network. By doing so, people have been able to enhance and enrich
the growth of their natural surroundings, for example their crops,
as well as enhancing their own health – physical and spiritual.
They have also, of course, been acknowledging their relationship
with Earth.
There are two other major factors that have to be taken into
account for a full understanding of the ley network.
First, Earth is not a uniformly smooth energy sphere with the same
amount of energy and activity evenly spread across her. She has
differentiated levels of activity and distinct centres of energy
sensitivity and radiance.
Second, Earth and the Solar System are part of a far greater
Galactic and Cosmic system in which there are many very intimate
and sensitive energy relationships that are crucial to the
existence and growth pattern of Earth.
Thus the ley network does not only carry the energy of the
incarnating Earth Spirit, but the ley network is also a receiver
and distributor of those other galactic energies which are
relevant to the growth of Earth and her inhabitants. The most
well-known of these other energies are those associated with the
constellations of the Zodiac and with the other planets of the
Solar System; less known, but equally vital for example. are the
relationships with the stars of the Pleiades, the Great Bear and
Sirius. It should, however, be noted that it is not only the ley
network which is sensitive and reactive to these incoming
energies; all life, both individually and in groups, and
particularly human life, is also sensitive and reactive to these
incoming energies.
The ley networks therefore, works in conjunction with the energy
bodies of the mineral, plant, animal and human realms. The energy
body of each plant or of each human, for example, is therefore
involved in both the general energy system of the whole of the
plant or human realm on Earth and also in the general energy
system of Earth as a whole. There is thus a vital and dynamic
interdependence between the parts and the whole, as the Earth
Spirit carrying that new quality of energy which we call
unconditional love incarnates through the total system. This
interdependence also incorporates our Galaxy and Cosmos.
Ley centres
Just as the whole of the plant realm or mineral realm or human
realm can each be understood as just one centre – one great energy
centre – in the body of the Earth Spirit, so the geological Earth
and the ley network also have their own specific geographically
located centres. These specific centres act as earthing physical
points of focus for the Earth Spirit and the other incoming
energies. These points of focus are similar to the nadirs of the
human body which are known in acupuncture; much can be learned
about the principles of the human body by studying Earth, just as
much can be learned about her by studying a human. These 'power'
or 'magnetic' centres vary in size and in quality, but they are
always the focus where several leys intersect and fan out. Like
the leys themselves, ley centres are great vortices accepting
incoming energy and are also powerfully radiant. They vary greatly
in terms of size and vitality. The core vortex of etheric energy
at Glastonbury is one of the largest we have observed and is over
half a mile in diameter. The more general radiatory vortex at
Glastonbury, which is receptive to very high frequency and high
quality energies, is over a dozen miles in diameter.
At some ley centres a primary function of the centre is to funnel
the incoming energy deep into the body of the geological Earth so
as purposefully to anchor and radiate the new qualities from the
very energy base of the physical planet. This, so to speak,
requires a more forceful and willful entry into the Earth's
physical body; the ley vortex is therefore more vital and more
'sharp'. We can call these types of centre power centres.
At other centres this willful descent into Earth's body does not
occur and the effect is gentler and purely radiatory. These we can
call magnetic centres. In London, for example, Primrose Hill is a
power centre and Ludgate Hill is a magnetic centre.
Some centres are significant for the globe as a whole. Others are
significant only locally.
Tracks and aquastats
Leys are not, however, the only lines of energy upon Earth's
surface. There are other types of line that humans often sense or
dowse. As Guy Underwood correctly noted, one is to do with the
repeated movement of creatures over the same stretch of land and
the other is to do with the flows of 'electric' water, beneath the
surface of Earth, in the atmosphere or under the surface of the
sea or a lake.
As all creatures – animal and human are magnetic energy beings, an
energy trail is left behind them wherever they go, like the wake
created by a boat passing through water. If a particular path or
track is taken time and time again, so the repeated wake effect
creates a permanent energy imprint of the movement. These tracks
can be very long and wide, such as the old drove roads down which
flocks and herds were driven sometimes over many hundreds of
miles, from pasture to pasture and to market. A similar effect, of
course, is created by the migration routes of animals; the tracks
of migratory birds are in the air high above the ground. Often
these tracks or droves coincide with leys. Migrating animals
instinctively follow these tracks and ley patterns; flocks of
birds can frequently be seen circling at ley centres and energy
junctions as they reorient themselves.
These tracks can also be tiny, like the path that mice might
regularly take in a hedgerow or the path that some characterful
bugs might repeatedly take in a kitchen towards the magnetic
centre of an open jam jar. Woods and forests are beautifully
patterned with these paths. One can lie in a meadow and peer at
ground level through the long grass following these little tracks.
By the deliberate use of the principle energy follows thought an
individual or group can 'magically' create, effect or rework these
paths in order to guide the movement of people and animals. The
great sweep in London from St. Paul's Cathedral on Ludgate Hill
down to Westminster is just such a great path.
The other type of line is that associated with 'water' and Guy
Underwood called these aquastats. The reason, however, that we
write the word water in quotation marks is that by 'water' we do
not simply mean the liquid, but we are referring to more subtle
magnetic currents which pattern Earth. We wish to be very careful
in explaining these currents for in them is held the key to the
perfect ecological relationship between humankind and Earth, a
relationship which can be expressed life as art.
The first point to understand is the nature of the dynamics of
energy at all levels of analysis. It has three major features
which occur simultaneously. It revolves on its own axis, spinning.
It moves in a circle, orbiting. it moves forward while spinning
and orbiting, spiralling. This three-fold nature affects the form
and shape of all manifest life and can be seen, for example, in
the spiral of the Milky Way or the double helix of the DNA
molecule.
In the geological Earth or the physical body of a human being.
this spinning, orbiting and spiralling nature tines not define
shapes in an obvious manner. in a subtle way, however, this
three-fold nature of nature does actually define quality and
features. Using the eye of poetic imagination one can perceive
that there is always a quality of perfection and symmetry in
landscape. One never senses that a stream, a hill, a mountain or a
vale are out of place. This is due to the fact that the landscape
is the result of the historical interaction of natural flows of
energy – spinning, orbiting, spiralling. It has the essential
quality of a natural dance. Landscape is apparently frozen but is,
in fact, still part of immensely long-term changes. This is to say
that all natural shapes are the result of this immense fluid
dance.
On a shorter time scale than the formation of geographical
features, this phenomenon is easily observable in the growth of
plants. It can also be seen in the texture and curvature of the
human body. it is copied in dance and in the rhythms and descants
of poetry and music.
All landscape then demonstrates this natural art – and water,
still moving, demonstrates it par excellence. The magnetic fluids
or aquastats have the same quality as water but being even more
fluid possess even greater natural playfulness. When one is near a
spring or running water, one feels a sense of beauty, of
well-being and of playfulness. The aquastats being invisible to
ordinary sight, one notices them and their atmosphere only if one
is more sensitively instinctive. Where aquastats burst forth
vertically through the surface, like springs of real water, one
finds areas in the landscape that have fairy-like atmospheres,
that are magic rings. Pine trees frequently mark their position.
These nature and beauty spots vary in size from a few feet across
to, in a few very rare cases, some tens of miles in diameter, as
for example in the Lake District in north west England or the Novi
Pazar region of central Yugoslavia. The fluid movement of
aquastats frequently inspires human design, for example in mosaic
patterning or playful landscaping. in cities. where aquastats
burst forth to create this magical atmosphere, one often finds the
location of craft shops, street markets, art galleries, boutiques
and other places where people like to gather to play or be
creative.
Whereas leys are straight, purposefully radiatory and 'masculine',
aquastats – being a result of the interplay of leys with form –
are curving, spiralling, spinning, playful and 'feminine'.
Aquastats dance between leys, sometimes linking them over several
miles; aquastats dance and spin where leys end, where leys
intersect, or where leys interact with natural or human-made
monuments and centres. This dance between leys and aquastats
occurs not only horizontally upon the immediate surface of Earth,
but also vertically beneath the surface, both in earth and in
water, and above the surface in air. All this is happening not
only at a neo-physical or etheric level - which, for example, can
be seen by many people in the electric shimmer around a tree – but
also at higher frequency energy levels of existence up to and
including what we call spirit.
Aquastats also always play with and follow the course of natural
running water, and form definite intersecting vortices over and
around springs and wells. Aquastats also tend to play around the
tracks and paths made by humans and animals, but this depends on
the inherent power and playfulness of the track.
We have, therefore, three types of line – leys, tracks and
aquastats. lays are the major lines of force that are a direct
electric result of the Earth Spirit wilfully manifesting as
physical form. Tracks are lines created by the repeated movement
of living beings over the same path. And aquastats are the
patterns of dancing energy that emerge as a result of the
interaction between ley energy and the intrinsic energy of form or
matter. In terms of frequency, there are more aquastats and tracks
than leys. By and large, however, walking for a mile in one
direction should bring one across a ley. The frequency of
aquastats and tracks depends upon the particular history of the
region and the living interactions that have taken place there.
The human factor
Humans are very dynamic energy beings. Our movements, feelings,
sentiments and our thoughts are powerful transmissions. As a
species we are the bull in the planetary china shop. Our
stupidity, ambition, fear, clumsiness, pride, greed,
self-satisfaction and limited vision lead us to creating fantastic
messes. But the most crucial part of our inner essence leads us to
great sensitivity, to a sense of the exquisite in nature and to a
powerful aspiration to cooperate. We are capable, consciously or
unconsciously, of working with the great energy network that
permeates Earth. We are able to cooperate instinctively or
self-consciously by directly affecting the ley network and
landscape of Earth.
The ley network can be used and affected in the following ways:
(1) Fertility
In the description of the vortical nature of leys and ley centres,
we explained how leys were the source of the life force that
radiated from them – this being the result of the incarnation of
the Earth Spirit with her dynamic new quality of life. The
functioning of leys and ley centres has a direct effect on the
surrounding plant and animal life (and more slowly on mineral
life). An enhancement of the radiation of a ley centre or a ley
will itself enhance the fertility of crops and livestock.
People can themselves increase the quantity and quality of this
life-enhancing radiation. This can be done in two ways: by using
the human body itself as a boosting transmitter or by using other
forms. such as standing stones, as boosters.
There are several ways in which people can use their own bodies, –
and, by body we, of course, mean the whole electric human being
functioning with energies of feeling, sentiment, thought,
intuition and spirit. These different methods include: meditation,
contemplation, prayer, worship, ritual, ceremony and folk dance.
Each of these methods involves raising and peaking human awareness
so as to reach and draw in new energy fields; here the human is
her/himself a vortex. The degree to which these methods will be
successful in enhancing the ley radiation will depend on how well
attuned the person is to two factors: first, to the vibration of
nature in Mother Earth and, second, to the cosmic principle of
unconditional love. Perhaps a helpful phrase for attuning to these
elements is: the loving playfulness of human creaturehood. it
involves a careful mixture of innocence, high attunement and
anchored radiation.
The major use of other forms as boosters is found in standing
stones and in structures of worship such as temples and churches.
Tom Graves compares the use of standing stones to the use of
needles in acupuncture. This is right. As the stone or rock is
cut, prepared, moved and ceremonially positioned, so the intention
of the architect transmits itself into the stone. The energy
structure of the stone absorbs the idea of the architect. This
intention may, of course, be intensified by the use of further
ritual and blessing. When the stone is in position it therefore
carries its own electromagnetic dynamism as well as the dynamism
imparted to it by its architects – this is then anchored,
increased and enhanced by being in the dancing energy of a ley
vortex. Thus a beneficent circle of radiation is set up between
the stone and the ley.
When stones are set up in patterns that are symbolic of
cosmological principles of evolution and cosmic sources of energy,
then the radiance effect is greatly increased. This comes about
because the cosmic energies represented symbolically in the
pattern are actually magnetically attracted into the structure by
the function of the two principles 'like attracts like' and 'as
above so below'. This is the essential purpose in an architect's
use of sacred geometry.
Church and temple buildings can also be energetically radiant but
only if the structure is also based upon principles of sacred
architecture in which form is resonant with the harmonics of the
energy structure of our cosmos. Examples of this kind of
architecture can be seen in pyramids, palladian forms, resonant
gothic arches and radiant domes.
By the use of the human body, of standing stones and of sacred
buildings, humans can create new magnetic centres – though not
power centres. If the magnetism of this new centre is sufficiently
powerful it will draw unto itself energy from other leys and ley
centres, thus creating aquastats and in certain cases even
creating new leys.
(2) Personal Growth
People can make use of the vortical quality of leys and ley
centres to aid their own spiritual growth and expansion of
consciousness. There are two major ways in which ley vortices can
be used to aid human beings:
First, at a ley or a ley centre, etheric matter and dense matter
are vibrating at a rate and with a quality of energy that is
generally higher than elsewhere on the planet's surface. When
people are in a ley or a ley centre this higher vibratory field
directly increases the rate of vibration of the etheric and dense
matter making up the human brain. The result of a higher vibration
of the matter that makes up the brain is that the brain is then
more sensitive to and more able to anchor in full consciousness
new awarenesses and information that were previously too subtle to
register. Ley and ley centres may, therefore, help to bring about
what we call revelation. This can also work in apparently negative
ways, for this increased vibratory activity of the brain may also
allow the individual to register new energy information whose
source is actually within her/his own psyche but which has
previously been repressed.
Second, the nature of the ley vortex is such that there is, so to
speak, a warp between the planes. To put it another way, there is
a more dynamic interflow between the different frequency
electromagnetic fields – which fields we might call from the point
of view of human experience: feeling, sentiment, thought,
intuition, spirit, cosmic and so on. Thus someone who meditates or
prays at a ley centre is facilitated in consciousness expansion by
the fact that there is less environmental resistance to the
individual pushing her or his consciousness beyond previously held
fields of awareness. The new awareness are then also easier to
register in full consciousness because of the heightened vibration
of the brain and the fact that the brain can now register subtle
information more easily.
If one lives permanently in such a place, this does not by any
means mean that one is naturally more spiritual in terms of
attunement to unconditional love. It does mean, however, that one
is more active as a psychic being – for better or for worse.
Ecology and artscape
In a perfect world human beings would live and behave in a manner
that was instinctively in tune with the energy and features of the
natural landscape. This would mean not simply that people would
act in an attuned way because they were being 'spiritual', but
that all human activity would naturally be in concord with its
natural environment. This would be a perfect ecology. Is it
possible?
In the East, a sophisticated and intricate science of studying the
environment in order to landscape and to position objects was
developed known as feng shui. This careful approach to landscape
and balancing the elements was appropriate to the far eastern
cultures of the last two thousand years.
The positioning of buildings, structures and plants, then, takes
place with a thorough instinctive, mental and intuitive awareness
of the place in which we are artscaping. The actual proportions
and shapes of the new structures also follow the environmental
flow, and in designing them one can make use of either the
proportions of sacred geometry or else the inspiration of art;
using either of these procedures, but preferably both, new
structures are sculptures of the landscape and are never simply
functional objects. This is clear, for example, in the planning of
classical Athens, of St. Paul's Cathedral and the Wren churches
that were built in London after the Great Fire, and much of
Venice. There are examples, of course, all over the world.
The Giant's Sketchbook
Among the most dramatic of landscape lines in the world are the
immense line drawings (called geoglyphs) of the Nazca desert in
Peru.
Between 400 BCE and 600 CE, the American Indians of Peru marked
out a series of gigantic figures on the arid plains, including a
spider, humming bird, monkey, whale, and many other animals, which
have been described as a giant's sketchbook.
Some of these figures are more than 8 km (5 miles) long, and can
only be properly made out from the air. How were they made, and
who was meant to see them?
One theory was that the shapes were landing strips for ancient
aliens. A more plausible theory is that the figures were meant to
be seen by shamans on drug-induced 'spirit flights', and that
their construction was supervised from ancient hot air balloons.
In 1975 Jim Woodman and Julian Nott flew over the Nazca plain in a
hot-air balloon constructed entirely from technology and materials
available in 600 CE South America.
The enormous drawings did not meet public attention until 1939, as
they were literally too big to be noticed other than from the sky.
An aerial view of a
Nazca geoglyph in the desert of Peru, which has been identified as
a humming bird and a god.
Further Reading
Jose Arguelles, Earth Ascending, Shambhala Publications, 1984.
Jose & Miriam Arguelles, Mandala, Shambhala Publications, 1972.
Alice A. Bailey, A Treatise on Cosmic Fire, Lucis Press, 1970.
Louis Charpentier, The Mysteries of Chartres Cathedral, RILKO,
1972.
Paul Devereux & Ian Thomson, The Ley Hunter's Companion, Thames &
Hudson, 1979.
Michael Disney, The Hidden Universe, J.M. Dent, 1984.
Nan Fairbrother, New Lives, New Landscapes, Alfred A. Knopf, 1970.
Nan Fairbrother, The Nature of Landscape Design, The Architectural
Press. 1974.
Findhorn Community, The Findhorn Garden, Turnstone/Wildwood House,
1976.
Dion Fortune, The Cosmic Doctrine, several editions.
Tom Graves, Needles of Stone, Turnstone Press, 1978.
Tom Graves, Dowsing – Techniques and Applications, Turnstone,
1976.
Geoffrey & Susan Jellicoe, The Landscape of Man, Thames & Hudson,
1975.
J.E. Lovelock, GAlA – A New Look at Life on Earth, OUP, 1979.
K.E. Maltwood, A Guide to Glastonbury's Temple of the Stars, James
Clarke, 1982.
John Michell, The New View Over Atlantis, Thames & Hudson, 1983.
John Michell, The Earth Spirit, Thames & Hudson, 1975.
Marko Pogacnik, The Art Around Novi Pazar, Zajednica za Kultura,
Novi Pazar, Yugoslavia, 1983.
Marko Pogacnik, The Hidden Pathway Through Venice, Carucci Editore,
Rome, 1985.
Stephen Skinner, The Living Earth Manual of Feng-Shui, Routledge
Kegan Paul, 1982.
Shirley Toulson, The Drovers, Shire Publications, 1980.
Shirley Toulson, Lost Trade Routes, Shire Publications, 1983.
Yi-Fu Fuan, Topophilia, Prentice Hall, 1971.
Guy Underwood, The Pattern of the Past, Museum Press, 1969.
Alfred Watkins, The Old Straight Track, Garnstone Press, 1970.
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